Experimental analysis of behavior

The American psychologist BF F. Skinner was one of the most illustrious representatives of behaviorism, psychology current Anglo-Saxon particularly important to the First World War to the 50s. This course is based on the idea that scientific explanation in psychology to ignore any reference to the conscience of the individual, study only the external behavior observed experimentally. Behaviorists - or behaviourist - then leave aside the mental processes (the brain is considered a "black box"), in their non-objectified, to focus on behavior, seen as responses to the individual environmental stimuli.

For Skinner, the question is how learning takes place from the observation of behavior. In the experimental analysis of behavior that is the most comprehensive statement of its design, the center of which is the "operant conditioning". The actions of the individual can be followed by either a "positive reinforcement" (eg reward) or a "negative reinforcement" as a punishment. Thus he learns. The individual will in fact behave himself avoiding negative reinforcement and increasing positive reinforcement.

The invention of a method.

According to Skinner, the quasi-totality of human and animal behavior can be explained by operant conditioning. Her work will particularly affect the psychology of learning and, in the 60s, Skinner invented a method for learning in education: it provides the student with tasks of increasing complexity, increasing rewards for knowledge that seeks to develop. Because for Skinner, what education, if the organization of "reinforcement contingencies that accelerate learning? In his book, Skinner developed his thoughts on operant conditioning, believing that fields as diverse as psychotherapy, economics and politics are also based on reinforcement between action and response. This is generally the case of social life, since "the group members teach each other, [...] to stimulate one another to work [...] and necessary moral sanctions which have the same effect as laws enacted by governments. They do it naturally, by organizing various contingencies of reinforcement. This will strengthen a behavior is not determined but evolves according to the genetic history of the species, or different cultures. For example, a new custom is selected only if its consequences are positive for the community. Behaviorism was long hegemony, while being heavily criticized for not taking into account internal processes such as motivation or memory. It has been gradually supplanted by a cognitive approach, which refuses to rule analysis what happens "inside" of the individual, what he saw or felt subjectively, even seeing it as the basis for the development of behavior.

1969 Burrhus Frederic Skinner

Psychology Decision Making

Decisions! Understanding the psychology of decision making can help achieve a speedy conclusion. If you choose a destination, or to finance a project, you will find this model of decision making psychology a useful addition to your toolbox of management.

Take your decision must be (at least in theory) be easier - at least one person involved! So let's jump into the hardest group to make decisions. Somehow, personality conflicts, power struggles and hidden agendas, a perfect solution would be interesting ...


A camel is a horse designed by a committee

Group decision making, a number of methods can be applied. These methods map to an axis of the Directive of "participation" in decision making. The methods that are closer to the field of politics, which means that the decision is taken by a small group of young decision makers. Methods that are lower in the spectrum, is the area of participation, the decision is supported by all stakeholders.
single dominance is when one person in the group of the authority or power to make the final decision.

The influence of minorities in general the form of delegated decisions by major groups and sub-committees conducted.

The governments of the greatest influence on the vote of the group of alternatives and the alternative with the most votes wins.

Consensus group discussion of alternatives, with each team member agree on a choice and enter the result.

Politics is great when time is short and decisions must be made quickly.

The risk is that decisions are taken by a person heard a person. Those affected by the decision could soon make their feelings to their actions. If it does not have a bank account up between the people involved, the decision may, but in heart. If a bank account under or negative, between the individuals involved, there may be trouble ahead!

To increase the chances of a decision to accept a participatory approach is recommended. participate in simple words, the people want. Regardless of power and status, knowing that their control and influence their life satisfaction and increased productivity.

And "in the help option, the speed of recovery has known. The patient, a narrow bed, wondering if you made curtains open or closed, or a factory to supply the want, you better than those whose life is entirely managed by others.

The more people participate in decision-making is risky. More time is needed. It requires skilled facilitation. No guarantee of success. But it only increase the likelihood of hearing decisions and implemented are enough people to make positive change.

the psychology of the decision is simple - participating receives the results. Despite the power struggles, personality conflicts and hidden agendas are the domain of fear, in time the power dissipation, and load programs more transparent. Invest time in learning the techniques of group decision making and gain experience in promoting and achieving results. The decision of this kind of work .... is yours!

Community Psychology

Community psychology is a psychological discipline that focuses on social development, social justice, health, territories and individuals in their environment. It is a discipline that differs from clinical psychology focusing not on individuals but individuals in their (s) environment (s). It differs from social psychology in that it seeks to promote social justice (equity and social health) and can be qualified discipline involved.

It is rooted in different movements:
social movements of the 1960s (a movement for civil rights, women's movement ...),
awareness (Paolo Freire)
the movement for recognition of the rights of people living with a mental disorder (psychiatric community).


Current applications of the discipline are in the field of action research, where practitioners and users in a collaborative working relationship, define community needs and resources available. Emphasis is placed on empowerment (or promotion of skills and resources) and not on reducing risk or suffering, clean approach to psychopathology. By working closer to the place of living with which they work (ecological approach, Bronfenbrenner, 1979), community psychologists work primarily for the development of practices to promote mental health.

The French translation "community" is ambiguous: characterizing the territorial aspect of community action, it is sometimes confused with the sociological sense (communitarianism).

We usually distinguish two trends in community psychology:
A stream near critical psychology (particularly inspired by Michel Foucault), located particularly in the universities of northern Europe and providing a critical light on social justice in Western society.
A current close to the promotion of health, nearest to the field of health, developing planned and intended actions of individuals and territories, based on a design intermediate between public health and community health.

Behavioural Medicine

Behavioral medicine can be defined as the application of knowledge provided by the behavioral sciences to the understanding and treatment of medical problems. In this sense, it differs fundamentally from psychosomatic medicine which focuses on hypothetical conflicts intrapsychic explanation for somatic disorders. Behavioral medicine is an empirical discipline whose objectives are to highlight and change the relationship between observable behavior, the coping strategies of the individual, cognitive and emotional variables, the physiological functioning and disease itself . The work on operant conditioning of autonomic nervous system and on the psycho-biological stress response have provided the main theoretical foundations of behavioral medicine. Behavioral medicine has enabled the development of new techniques and strategies, where the principles of behavioral change and cognitive changes are applied to the treatment, prevention and rehabilitation of many physical illnesses ranging from chronic pain to cardiovascular disease .

Behavioral medicine is now well established and its development in the years ahead will depend as much further research as the making available to clinicians for therapeutic strategies to effectively checked.

Analytical psychology

Definitions and theoretical

Analytical Psychology was founded by Carl.G.Jung (1875-1961). It is part of a process to analyze the unconscious individual but also collective, whereas the psyche of an individual consists of both elements of the subject's personal life, as representations using myths and symbols universal. Analytical psychology is a process of individuation so that the subject has access to his own Self, the center of his psyche, to be its sum.

Methods

Analytical psychology appeals to free association (of ideas and images), analysis of the transfer (elements of the subject's life actualised in his relationship with his analyst) and the interpretation of dreams (analysis and understanding dreams of using free association). In addition, she studied the great myths and symbols of mankind for a better understanding of individual experience.

What is Activity Theory?

Following the work of Soviet theorists and psychologists (Leontiev, Vygotsky, ..), The activity theory postulates that consciousness is not a set of discrete disembodied cognitive acts (in English desembodied) such as taking decision or classification. It is also distinct from brain activity. 

The activity theory is the consciousness in daily practice and asserts that actions are always included in a social matrix composed of individuals and artifacts. Thus, as the mind works through artifacts, his work can be linked unconditionally and exclusively to the brain or the individual should be seen as distributed in the artifacts. Those artifacts are binding on individuals and the actions of a so permeable, changeable and festivals.

Thus, taking into account the context and the artifact for understanding the activity and group interaction is the fundamental nature of the activity theory. The purpose of this theory is rather complex systems of cooperation - at least of interaction - rather than individuals. While some approaches emphasize external representation, the activity theory attaches importance to the internalization of artifacts (eg the computer medium through cooperative work with computer assistance [cf. Engestrom] hand for a child learning to count on fingers,....) and the mediation process.

for more information look this tof

Abnormal Psychology

Abnormal psychology is a subfield of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior. The term covers a broad spectrum of disorders, from depression to obsession-compulsion to sexual deviation and much more. Counselors, clinical psychologists and psychotherapists often work directly in this field. 
Understanding Abnormal Psychology

For understand psychopathology, it is important to first understand what the word "understand abnormal" about? On the surface, the meaning seems clear that something outside the norm. But we are talking about the rules of a group particular sex or age? Many human behaviors can follow what is known as the normal curve. In conjunction with this bell curve is, most people around the peak of the curve, as the media reported clustering. People who fall from May to end of the normal curve as "abnormal."

It is important to note that differences between normal and abnormal are not synonymous with good or bad. Consider one of the characteristics such as intelligence. A person who falls in that abnormal bulge of our definition of "this person is a genius. Of course, this is a case where the rules fall is actually a good thing.

If you focus on psychopathology, rather than relying on the distinction between normal and abnormal levels of stress or illness causing the behavior. If a behavior is due to problems of human life, or is harmful to others, then this behavior is "abnormal" that require some type of mental health interventions.

Abnormal Psychology Perspectives


There are a number of different angles used in Abnormal Psychology. While some psychologists or psychiatrists could focus on a point of view, many professionals in mental health, we are concerned, the troubles the elements of each sector to better understand and treat mental disorders.
Behavior: The behavioral approach to psychopathology focuses on observable behavior. In behavior, attention has to intensify the building of positive attitudes and focuses dysfunctional behaviors. This approach focuses exclusively on the behavior itself, not the underlying causes.

Doctor: The medical approach to psychopathology focuses on the biological causes of mental illness. The view focuses on understanding the causes of disturbances, in May, which include genetics, physics, diseases, infections, and chemical imbalances. Medical treatment is often pharmacological in nature, even if the drugs often used in combination with another type of psychotherapy.

Cognitive: The cognitive approach to abnormal psychology focuses on the inner thoughts, perceptions and thoughts contribute to mental disorders. Can focus attention on supporting the cognitive processes of the person to change their thoughts and reactions, or cognitive therapy, in combination with behavioral methods in a technique, such as cognitive behavioral therapy used.
Types of mental disorders

Mental disorders are also role models and defined psychological symptoms affecting most areas of life. These mental danger of the person that these symptoms. Be classified as incidents and defined? The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association and serves the professional mental health for a variety of purposes. The manual contains a list of psychiatric disorders, diagnostic codes, information on the prevalence of various diseases and diagnostic criteria.

Categories of mental disorder are:
Adjustment Disorders
Mood Disorders
Fear
Developmental disabilities
Cognition

Definition of Emotion

Emotion is an intense feeling that under the influence of events that occur outside interference, may, for example, the reaction to a situation of stress, aggression or verbal abuse, severe emotional state that varies from one individual to another.

The tension is at the heart of man is vitally important in a relationship and the complexity of human relationships is that they are not equal when it comes to emotions. Face, in fact, some people have emotional reactions, said normally say "sometimes" too ", a sad event (divorce, job loss, death of a loved one, etc..) But the express indifference or numbness feelings toward the same type of event.

The reactions of the body, the feelings are so complex that medical professionals focusing on the emotional or psychotherapist, on "How to think the Emotions'

The physician and philosopher Rosenfield think that emotions should be separated from the collective consciousness. "The expansion of the individual-centered approach had been by a relational dimension:" We believe, presented by the feelings of anyone, whether love or hate. E 'in the moment with us in a context, perhaps the indifference, hostility or love. "

To describe the feelings that we use words that the dual nature of this: What one thinks that "feelings" are not limited to physiological conditions, but in concrete and visceral sensations. "

Rosenfield, said: "I confess, I agree and understand that these relationships are played, as I myself.

Like other emotions, fear of forms of self and ultimately the kind of recognition of the situation. Every subtle change in my personality, a change in my emotional reaction to my relationship with my environment. "

The American child psychiatrist Greenspan, a precursor of the concept of emotional intelligence, wrote: "A certain degree of emotional feelings can create very different effects in different individuals. Each of us unconsciously personal catalog, sometimes very specific emotional reactions to sensory experiences. These early sensory experiences occur in a context of relationships that gives them greater emotional importance.

"Every perception is part of a code twice. Describes the physical characteristics (light, tall, strong, sweet, etc..) And the emotional qualities associated with shocks (or soft, comfortable or aggressive)

Damasio defines emotions as "a temporary change in the government agency that causes that are specific. Similarly, one can, the simple fact of life, a feeling that will change as a representative of the transitional period, the status of the institutions that define how models and images generated by this. If a few minutes later, these images come from a sense of self, which was established for the knowledge and reach the front of the stage to accompany him, he admits. So, faced with a real sense of feeling. "

Emotions are not innate said Greenspan emotional development that occurs during childhood, all the feelings that the child has an affect or emotion, experienced an increase of sensory impressions, feelings related. Decode this double experience will help us understand how emotions organize intellectual abilities and his conscience "

Greenspan added: "Between six months and one year for children of discrete, specific emotions like anger, fear, etc.. What is then used to define categories, to feel, in fact, to make their experience the following interactive.

Other philosophers, psychologists, psychotherapists and writers have addressed the complexity of feelings and reactions that occur. They tried a definition by appointment, give as Jean-Paul Sartre, André Gide, and many others.

These few quotations may be the preamble to the discussion:

We call for a net loss of consciousness, emotion and magic. [Jean-Paul Sartre]

It is important to be able to emotions, but do not feel they have an unfortunate limitation. [André Gide]

In the great emotions, solitude is sometimes useful. [Joseph Lallier]

A life without emotion has died. [Roger Fournier]

The missing words for feelings. [Victor Hugo]

Deep emotions make us sterile. [Pierre Baillargeon]

The emotions are shared. [Marc Levy]

The emotions of people who seem to love always liked a little ridiculous. "[Oscar Wilde]

In the Palace of emotions, there are lots of places. [Antoine Audouard]

Without emotion, it is impossible to transform darkness into light and of apathy into movement. [Carl Gustav Jung]

The man, who recently adopted their emotions are eager to find love. [George Sand]

I hate the feeling is too long, far more than the joy and laughter. [Jules Renard]

The idea of the benefits of our darkest emotions. [Louis Calaferte]

Nothing diplomats, but they feel betrayed. [Victor Hugo]

Humor is a quality that may have a meaning in the outside world. [Tony Mayer]

The laughter of a quick end. The excitement of the results. It's a bit "like the one between love and infatuation. [Gerard Jugnot]

Duda, and options that accompany them, are the two forces that vibrate the strings of our emotions. [Marc Levy]

Artists have no ideas, they have emotions or feelings. [Romano GUILLEAUME]

Music is the language of feelings. [Immanuel Kant]

The value of life is the number of times he has a passion or emotion, can be measured. [Soichiro Honda]

Cartesian to finding love to challenge despite the overwhelming emotions, irrational, strange and wonderful reason. Discover an idiot, and he loves it. [Romano GUILLEAUME]

All About The Communication

Communication involves both humans (intra-psychic communication, interpersonal, group \ ...) the animal (communication within and between species) or mechanically (telecommunications, new technologies and their crosses ...),: people and animals, people, Technology ... Therefore, the subject of an investigation of several disciplines, which is not met, shared a common definition.
And if everyone agrees to define this process, differences of opinion, to describe this process.
One school of thought, gathered behind the "downhill and Communication, offers a communicative approach focuses on the transmission of information. It is in human-computer interaction in the mental process of knowledge transfer (with support of cognitive science interested).
A second course, social psychology, focuses on interpersonal communication (Triad double or group. Communication is seen as a complex system of reporting what happens when people communicate, both in terms of cognitive abilities, emotional and unconscious is viewed. In this context, we believe the information is increasing, the transmission of information is only part of the communication process and the different levels of importance of the same movement weather.
The third stream derived from psychoanalysis, focuses on the intrapsychic communication.
The communication and information transfer

Communication is the process of transmitting information. This term comes from Communicare America, "which means" pool ". Communication can be considered as a process of exchange of information and knowledge.

Communication is primarily a cognitive phenomenon. As telecommunications technology used, communication of complex functions (standard protocols, etc.) .. support

It is important to distinguish between different concepts for talking about communication:
Science communication in an attempt to develop and streamline the process of transmission between humans, machines, groups or entities. We prefer in this article, the term "science communication" or simply "communication." Communication is the result of the encounter and exchange of knowledge from many scientific disciplines, including linguistics, telegraph, telephone, psychology, sociology, politics and anthropology. Some categorize this science study and dissemination of information to information theory are connected;
a communication process can be broadly as the process of transmitting a message from a sender to one or more beneficiaries are described by a half-vote message subject at fault or comment. This act combines the message and the media, which are interconnected. Only the context changes the meaning. Then they take the term "communication process" or simply "communication." We see that there are different models of representation and therefore different approaches, what communications that take into account factors;
The channels of communication to represent different modes of transport and communications, including telecommunications, roads and railways, communications, business ... In short, everything to do with the message of the media in the industrial, commercial or technological. So far, the theory and industry, the tertiary sector (services, advertising used, and new information and communication and former ICT) are better adapted to these concepts and their use.

Alexander Graham Bell the telephone in 1876.
Communication and interaction: Social

Communication and interpersonal relationships are two similar words (see Mark E. and D. Picard, and interpersonal relationships, Dunod (col. TPO), the relationship between the means of the shape and nature of relationships (family, neighborhood, the profession. ..) that connects two people. Communication is the ratio of the interaction with the seat, if the partner. In this report, on three levels: intrapsychic (the dimensions of personality each of the protagonists) interaction (the structure and dynamics of relationships) and social (NORML, with the cultural context, values and rituals, in which it is).
Ask
Culture

Communication is the bearer of knowledge and culture. Consider the culture in strictly individual, as a wise, would be significant, aspects of civilization. Communication is the nature of the exchanges for the municipalities to share the culture.

Have always seen in recent decades, historian (Annales school) the importance of clearly stated at this point. One can trace the roads of the Middle Ages (see Georges Duby). Historians consider the cultural context in order to avoid misunderstandings (historian) on.

Today as yesterday, and channels of communication are the vehicles for disseminating information on cultural activities - have broadly - in the events, discoveries and traditions to continue.

The company itself an idea of this aspect of maintaining a corporate culture.

The culture of a community of people is probably the most important.
Historical changes in the media

We have seen in history, including the dissemination of the Renaissance and the sharing of information tool very important for the dissemination of information, which is seen in the New World. For example, the Renaissance historian (John Delumeau the important role of communication emphasized ,...) In Print (we have already seen the impact that increased travel of Christopher Columbus and theses which could be submitted in paper format BE). Gradually, it became impossible to resist the spread of new knowledge from this new medium.

Since 1830 (see) in the nineteenth century began to telecommunications services using electrical techniques (Telegraph) and electromagnetic (Hertz, Marconi, radio). The use of radio by General de Gaulle had the impact we know it. Jacques Chaban-Delmas is also aware that the radio was working as a station, but takes into account the negative impact of the vote because of the large number of recipients.
Communication Language

We have seen in history, has taken the importance of language in communication. Translations into various languages of the Book of Wonders of the World by John Mandeville had a significant impact on Explorers century, fourteenth and fifteenth (including Christopher Columbus), perhaps more than the estimate of the world and is one of Travels of Marco Polo. The edict of Villers-Cotterets (Francis, 1539) allowed the king to legal and administrative measures in a new language of communication to spread.

We have also seen the impact occurred in the seventeenth century, wrote several books in French, in areas that are reserved for America: The Utopia of Thomas More, Descartes, Discourse on Method (1637), The Provincial Letters of Pascal (1656). In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Bible Sacy had a huge influence in literature. In the eighteenth century, European courts have communicated in French. Philosophers have given their permission for the opening of the Royal Library, and can communicate in that language in many philosophical and sociological.

English is widely used for communication in many fields (computer science, economics, science, mostly). The language of the statute of communication are very different: the six official languages of the UN languages are English, Spanish, French, Russian, Arabic and Chinese.

However, the indigenous languages of communication at the local level, particularly in Europe, which has developed a policy on this issue.

Not necessarily the language spoken. You can also use gestures. Allows French sign language to communicate, for example, with the dove and NGOs. It's a different language, and knows its own development. In Quebec, the Quebec Sign Language.

Look at the sign language.
Identity

The image that we need to be confirmed by others. The fact that it identifies the role, status and position players, partners can be recognized in a social position, to avoid misunderstandings, conflicts and credibility. The identity of the speaker's position is stated in the declaration.

For the brand identity of a company the company is being perceived by stakeholders. Damage to brand and reputation risk, which prevents the proper functioning of society, their credibility and customer confidence.
Sovereignty

A communication specialist can facilitate the process of influence is legal or illegal. The phenomenon of development NGOs in the context of globalization is illustrative in this regard. The sovereignty and independence of States can be, for the diffusion of open source messaging uncontrolled.

Communication is an essential element of diplomacy and the exercise of state sovereignty. If a Head of State or Government expressed their representatives at an international conference, a summit of the Earth, an international conference on a topic of global importance (trade, water, health, biodiversity), the disclosure of key terms perception of authority.

The use of English or French is a daily challenge in relations between Canada and Quebec.

It is also generally recognized that cultural and economic influence of a country is perceived to influence and use of language. Note the strong influence of English and Chinese today. But at the time of Louis XIV, the language of diplomacy and the French nobility.
Dynamic Territories

The physical space and mental (internal) must be protected. In each company, each defending their place and avoids unnecessary intrusions.

In economic planning, organizing competing groups, such as communication, established between the different organizations: the decentralized services areas of states (countries advisor ,...),, regional branches of industry groups, Small and medium businesses, chambers of commerce and industry, universities and schools of specialization, research, and research.

To understand all the details of language, it is often preferable to use a regional or local level in all cases with language, even a lingua franca in international travel.
Networking with telecommunications equipment

Communication is a necessary tool for communicating with others.

At this point we have emphasized the importance of telecommunications technologies on the electrical and electronic equipment.

If and when the appearance of this latter type of media in the nineteenth century, with the exception of the electric telegraph (since 1838) and the phone (network service transceiver base), means of communication technology Electronic (radio, television) since the Second World War, provided valuable feedback.

With the latest generation of tools for electronic communication becomes easier, the information and messages are much richer (documents, images). The e-mail, Internet ... allow to reach groups of people, and real communication in the group.
Communication problems: the context

The technical aspects of the communication must not obscure the fact of sending the major objectives of the communication message.

The advent of the Internet since 1990 on various studies conducted by sociologists and philosophers. In these studies, we find the Musso and Philippe Pierre Breton, who in some different topics have the same diagnosis: communication tends to be handled through the telecommunications and information technology. The idea is that it is the belief that we communicate with each other, because they mature technology (softphones latest ,...). Pierre Musso noted that this belief is based on the philosophy of networks, a kind of pseudo-religion "would be the rebirth of the philosophy of Saint-Simon (see Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon), based on the principle of gravitation.

In reality, the substance, the exhibition also correspond to one of the following objectives:
For more information, knowledge or emotion;
Establish a common standard for understanding;
Make a list of the most frequent contact, or start the dialogue;
Get encouraged to influence others to act according to his will;
be known for giving his identity, his third personality.

These communication problems. These problems are the different functions of your screen (see the ideas of Roman Jakobson).

We see that the media focuses too much on technology can obscure the risks of such communications.
Foundations of Computing and Communications

As regards communication as a science had some ideas that are generated by different modes of communication described below.

In the year 1980, CR Berger & SH Chaffee, a general definition, which is still the basis of scientific communication: "Science communication is to analyze the production, processing and effects systems symbols and characters to understand the theories proposed legal generalizations, which reflects the phenomena of production, processing and effects can be explained in context. "(English)

But it is interesting to other commonly used definitions:
Background

A message is recorded in context. Can occur at any time in a place and a situation of a particular event.

Although this environment that are not part of the letter, but the accompanying statement is called context. The environment can generate noise or compromise.

The philosophy of language focuses on the context and language provides the context of a sentence: see context (language).

The context involved in these issues: culture, media exchange, language, sovereignty and identity, the creation of territorial networks of power.
The verbal and nonverbal

Verbal communication consists of linguistic signs.

These signals give the body language or languages in general known, but distinguished linguists, language and speech.
The writing, sign language to communicate the message means, how to ... The art of designing this message in a language that minimize the disturbance, is used as rhetoric. Aristotle and Cicero were scholars of rhetoric, was one of the seven liberal arts in medieval times.

It's called "non-verbal communication based on the implicit understanding of nature is expressed through language arts, music, kinetic, colors or clothing, or odors. These characters, their installation and understanding of culture and interpretation are linked.

This distinction verbal / nonverbal is not always easy to do.

The word can also be understood as expressed verbally) (Petit Larousse. This is called the oral and written communication.
Network

This network has a number of actors, economic agents, nodes, or places of communication through the message flow. The information will be concentrated and distributed. It speaks of a network.

Social Networks

These are networks of students in schools, universities, associations, NGOs, research centers, government agencies ... Find a company if the company: Advanced Search

Technically

Transport networks (roads, canals, railways, telecommunications and information technology (telegraph, telephone, Internet) have increased over the last two centuries.

Still on the theme: semaphores Telecommunications, telegraph, telephone.

Informal interactions

It was discovered in 1960 that the widespread use of the automatic elevator, which are the children of an elevator has been removed from (a major hub of informal communication between the levels of the organization such as the boy d elevator and everybody knew everybody speaks.) document has been partly replaced by the coffee shop are now considered indispensable in offices and places of informal exchanges, it is often important.
The timing of the disclosure

A communication, which may last some time (the message is not deleted when sent) is described as "timeless." For example, a message is written in a book that approach is intemporel.Cette contact between two interconnected units. An ephemeral message, declaring that "time". For example, an oral discussion of volatile, temporary. Communication is mainly taught in engineering schools.
Location

May in the hall, a message:
localized (concentrated in one place) as a debate;
alocalisée (worldwide) - eg, Internet, extranet;
relocated (the location of the incident is far from the point of entry, this) is the case during a telephone interview.

This concept is linked to the expression of contact between the subjects of communication.
Code

Code (information) is a concept that usually occurs in the mechanistic view of communication. However, it is rarely the case, would be very hierarchical and authoritarian man-machine interface, the human-animal relations, and so on. With the expansion, and a pessimistic way, is the concept code is often used for the study of human relations.

Communicating in this simplified framework, the transmitter and receiver must have a common code. Communication is mainly by using a code that is the correspondence between signs and their meaning in a shared database of contacts from. The lack of common code between the transmitter and receiver is a source of misunderstandings, one can assume that it means, but this is the case:
A project manager is unien be surprised to see the French club teams need for their work. A team obviously requires that the equipment (or by supply and demand)
The same surprised branded little time available for a small project to see the European members would ask why we have a profit margin. To clarify: When you wrote in the table with 6 / 6 from the beginning and 6 / 12 end date, he thinks that by June 12 and the European team in the 6th December!
A Japanese colleague, the great respect I feel for the family of a European colleagues want to receive an invitation to dinner, the hostess of a flower as one of the most beautiful in Japan, examined: the chrysanthemum. Guarantee of Genoa on her, because this flower is a symbol for the cemetery.

In all these examples, the notion of code, the misunderstanding between the people but does not explain the concept to explain understanding. But cases are frequent in the standard code does not cause a catastrophe to hear, but relations deaf, the blind see relations, relations between strangers with no common words, etc., among the people we always try to be understanding their "understanding" from an address of the computer detects an error in the syntax of the command sent. No, really, is the code that used to be a concept apparently without tweezers.
Transmission

The communication consists of transmitting a message, producing the contact. Contact is a bit "risky, especially if the" openness "and" closure "of communication. The danger of a break there was no response, Lock And Drop in fact available. This article is subject to the confidentiality of information.
Minutes

This concept, in everything that facilitates communication, or not in the content of communication.

Wait for dial tone, asked the caller to repeat, you spell your name, tacitly admitted that the communication as part of protocols.

The implementation of the Protocol requires the definition of standards developed.

See also:
Diplomacy
Standard
Internet.
Feedback

Feedback (or feedback, or post information in English), is the message, verbal or non-response receiver and transmitter is returned. When we speak of two messages.

His themes are the following message. The reactions can be used, where appropriate, to:
acknowledge receipt of the message;
to deny receiving the message;
Request for clarification;
debate;
overall discussion.

The concept of feedback (feedback) the results of the work of Norbert Wiener on cybernetics (cybernetics or control and communication in humans and machines (1948) Cybernetics and Society (1950)). Seems to work, after having celebrated the United States during the Second World War the industry of the United States in the war (1941-1942) to do. It is a technological leap for the approval of the mechanical data to computers and the advent of the first computer electronic technology.

This approach, scientists from the aspect of man, the linear motion (unidirectional) communication, the design of a circular process (bidirectional).

There are two forms that depend on feedback from the Vienna
The positive feedback that the phenomenon with a snowball effect of strain slopes (increase in tension between communicators. Among people, there would be no emotion between two people).
Negative comments tend to reduce in May as a phenomenon of the Regulation, be regarded as communication to make it stable and balanced. This regulation can take several forms, including the restatement or interrogation.

These two forms of reception of the message to provide feedback. The third case in which the reaction is neutral (zero), an obstacle to communication: do not know if the message was received or not.

The feedback loop leading to theoretical models and systematic information to define (in use) and organizational decision making.
Media

The science of communication includes a wide area can be divided into several stages. In 1987, Denis McQuail is a proposal for the level of the pyramid:

Each level consists of those who fall in the form of mass communication is the level at the top of the pyramid, and therefore relates to all other levels. Refers to more people in space and time than others, and treats all lower levels. Therefore, according to McQuail, there is a preponderance of research in mass communication.

But not spread to other theories, a division into three basic levels of communication, based on:
Interpersonal

Communication Type Sender - Message - Receiver

Interpersonal communication is the exchange rate of 1 transmitter - 1 receptors.

Among men, which is the foundation of social life. This is usually the understanding is better, but the number of beneficiaries is limited to one person. The feedback is almost systematic. These include telephone, oral and ... But oral communication. She is nonverbal. (See above).

Communication is therefore the body. Therefore, it is not rather be verbal or implied. Nonverbal communication skills is non-verbal communication, to vocalization. So when he says that the blows to right and go in this direction should be, is a case of verbal communication. While he has his arms in a gesture of protection and non-verbal communication. But it must be said here: "I hid behind my ideas, leave me alone." Facial expressions and postures are part of the communication. Gestures can convey a stronger, more pronounced than what we say. The tone of a message is also a form of non-verbal. "And:" This foundation, non-verbal, which set a good example of what one is the work of an actor is defined in the theater.

It is sometimes said that the world of communication - ie, involves the whole man - the importance of environmental intervention in environmental communication said.

For MUCHIELLI, "can not communicate." What do you say nothing, or what you say everything is communication. Our gestures, our posture, our facial expressions to be our way of saying our way to talk about these things, "say" with our receiver. Communication is also a form of manipulation. In fact, change often manipulated to communicate the environment or the behavior of others.

E 'was formalized as in the last two centuries.
Mass Communication

The Mass is an issuer (or series of related issuers), the addressee. This is understood to be worse because the noise is strong, but many receivers. Rarely feedback or very slow (we saw the countryside as a nuisance by consumers, baby diapers, for example, boasted reduced lead product sales).

This type of communication has been developed with the advent of concepts of mass organization in the four elements of standardization, Fordism, Taylorism and advertising ...
We talked to the press or media. These include radio, television and radio. The lack of response may be a matter of propaganda, constantly stresses the ideal Georges Bernanos.

The advent of the Internet allows for feedback.

In France, the link status significantly culture and communication, from a single department. First is the ministries of propaganda.

One of the books as the founder of the concept of "mass", though questionable in its content and objectivity, the psychology of the masses (1895) psychopathologists Gustave Le Bon. The Hidden, Vance Packard book shown here that the science of manipulating very late in the year 1957. Back to Brave New World by Aldous Huxley in the same direction.
Group Communication

Group statement on a new channel to handle a class of individuals with a message (announcement) on her understanding and concentrated culture defined.

And "he who comes with the forms of modern culture, often spend much of the culture () is a consumer, is that ads targeted to the last and most obvious.

The effects of communication in the group, including interpersonal communication and mass communication.

Group communication is so complex and varied as the group size, group functions and personality of its members are linked.

We can also this concept in internal communications to a different location. Then the groups are categories of staff, people in the same department, etc..

We also take this concept to a target of some external partners and stakeholders of the company.
Communication Patterns

Many theorists have tried to design the communication as "communication". There is an exhaustive list because many complementary models.

Development Of Child

Child development refers to the biological and psychological changes that occur in individuals between birth and late adolescence, such as increased measures of dependence to independence. Because of these evolutionary changes may be strongly influenced by genetic factors and events of prenatal life, genetics and prenatal development are affected, usually in the context of the study included the development of the child. Similar concepts include developmental psychology, the development of a full life, and pediatrics, the branch of medicine in the field of childcare. Evolutionary change may be the result of a genetically controlled process of maturation, as we know, or occur because of environmental factors and learning, but most often concerns the interaction between the two.

There are several definitions of time in child development, because each period is continuous with respect for individual differences in the beginning and end.
Several years of development time and associated examples of intervals are defined: infants (children aged 0-1 months), children (Children 1 month - 1 year), children) (for children 1-3 years old Preschool (ages 4 to 6 years) (age of school age children 6-13 years) and adolescents (aged 13-20). [1] However, organizations such as Zero to Three and the Association World for Infant Mental Health use the term Baby as broad categories, including children from birth to 3 years, a logical decision, since the Latin origin of the word refers to children who have no voice.

Optimal development of children is considered vital to society and what is important to understand the social, cognitive, emotional and educational for children. Increased research and interest in this area has led to new theories and strategies, particularly regarding the practices that promote development in the school system. There are also some theories that attempt to make a number of states that describe the development of the child.

Definition of Attention

Attention: the ability to focus selectively on a selected stimulus, maintaining this approach and will change. The ability to concentrate.

"Everyone knows that attention," wrote William James in his Principles of Psychology (1890). "And" taking possession by the mind clear and vibrant, which seems more possible objects or trains of thought at the same time ... It means managing the withdrawal of certain things with others, and is a condition that has confounded a real face in confusion, confusion. "

Attention will be learning is important. Learning is more effective if people pay attention. Poor quality care is a fundamental sign of behavior problems in children such as hyperactivity, difficulties with the disorder attention deficit and learning.

definition of Antisocial

Antisocial Personality Disorder is a personality disorder often caused by a general disregard for social norms and cultural codes as well as the feelings and rights of others, and impulsive behavior. Concept of personality disorder antisocial in DSM-IV, while the World Health refers to the personality disorder of the application of the concept. Most people with the disease as sociopaths, psychopaths, and sometimes unfair when you consider that what differentiates this disease.

In another, the term is sometimes also asked to name the people who volunteered on the margins of society, like punk.

Introduction

Sociopathy is considered a personality disorder, in which the primary identification is the limited ability of people to try with symptoms of the disease, human emotions, both for others and self-esteem. This may explain the lack of empathy for the suffering of others, shows the inability of emotion associated with either empathy or suffering is experience.

The approach used by many practitioners of psychology, welfare or the right side (side of the defense), a person who does not behave properly and / or violence and sociopathic. It is a debate in the scientific, philosophical and political.

Other approaches, including behavioral research transferable to humans, some researchers believe (Konrad Lorenz, and behavioral), many Americans that human behavior strategy of eschewing violence and / or the assumption that the (not necessarily the lack of emotion or empathy, cheaters and manipulators will not fail), but the narcissistic choice, under the principle of pleasure and / or the ease and profitability. Other specialists in human ethology, but, as Boris Cyrulnik such differentiated views.

Foraging behavior and risks of drug use may also be a way to access it from an emotional void. The anger and fear by some psychopath with certain forms of antisocial personality disorder are connected, be regarded as limiting the ability to experience emotion. The diagnosis of personality disorder antisocial is more common in men than in women, although there are many cases of women in the last années.1

Research on this subject have shown that people with a real disease, disorder, antisocial personality, the possibility of physical pain or punishment, are indifferent, and show no sign of fear when they are threatened by suffering.

Diagnosis  

Disorder antisocial personality and the concept of psychopathy can be assessed accurately and diagnostic tests interviews, questionnaires and testimonies from colleagues and family. The PCL-R is a point of reference for the diagnosis of psychopathy among the male population.
Diagnostic criteria (DSM-IV-TR) [edit]

The DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), a manual used to diagnose various diseases and mental disorders, antisocial personality is defined as a pervasive pattern of indifference and human encroachment into other the mental age of 15 years reported by three or more of the following symptoms:
Inability to identify social norms regarding the legitimate behavior with repeated arrests;
Fraud, cheating, satisfaction using false identities or manipulation of others for profit or personal;
Impulsivity or failure to pay;
Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated in the result of conflict and physical aggression;
Disregard for the safety of others or themselves;
chronic irresponsibility or an inability to obtain a promise given and honor financial obligations;
Lack of remorse or guilt, as indicated by the indifference or the systematic search for excuses, having hurt, mistreated, cheated and stolen from others.

The manual lists also meet the following criteria:
There are signs of abnormal behavior stems from the time 15 years ago;
The frequency of antisocial behavior is not limited to episodes of mania or schizophrenia.
 
Diagnostic criteria (ICD-10)  

Chapter V contains the tenth revision of ICD, a number of criteria for the diagnosis of personality disorder.

Personality disorder (F60.2), usually seen as a great disparity between behavior and social norms, which is characterized by:
cool contempt for the feelings of others
the attitude of irresponsibility and disregard for rules, norms and social commitments,
low frustration tolerance and low threshold for discharge of aggression, including violence,
Inability to feel guilt or to profit from experience, particularly punishment
Tendency to blame others or rationalize excuses for the behavior, the issue in conflict with society.

Can also be permanently associated with irritability associated. Behavior disorders in children and adolescents, although sometimes lacking, can strengthen the diagnosis.

Causes 

The cause of this disease is unknown, but genetic factors and biological [ref. necessary] could be involved. The childhood abuse or exposure to violence at a young age also count in May. A history of behavioral problems in the family increases the likelihood of the disorder. A number of environmental factors which may in homes, schools and places as being very strict at home or in school also contribute.

Robbins (1996) found a higher incidence of sociopathic characteristics and alcoholism among relatives of people with antisocial personality disorder. He also discovered that in families where men had a higher incidence, while women had a higher incidence of somatization, however.

Bowlby (1944) have demonstrated a link between antisocial personality disorder and the language of alienation in the first five years of life. The observed Glueck (1968) that mothers of children with the disease develop a general lack of consistent discipline and affection, and an abnormal tendency to alcoholism and impulsiveness. All these factors lead to the creation and maintenance of a relationship, a stable family structure and set limits on behavior.

Adoption studies confirm the role of genetic and environmental factors for disease development. Two studies also show a degree of heritability of antisocial behavior and have shown that genetic factors are important in adults than in children or adolescents, antisocial, so that environmental factors predominate.

Symptoms  

The common characteristics of people with personality disorder antisocial are:
Candidates in conflict with the law
The tendency to violate the rights of others (property, physical, sexual, psychological or legal)
An aggressive, often violent
The difficulties in maintaining employment
A constant feeling of anxiety or depression (dysphoria)
The inability to tolerate boredom
Disregard for safety of self or others
A child behavioral problems
A superficial approach to seduction
Impulsivity
Lack of guilt

People with personality disorder antisocial often have problems with authority figures.
Frequency [edit]

A national survey of DSM-III-R showed that 5.8% of men and 1.2% of women at increased risk of developing the disease at any time in their lives. Prisons, the percentage up to 75%. The frequency estimates are based on clinical diagnostic criteria leads to results that 3 to 30% vary the prevailing characteristics of the populations studied is based, as) prisoners (including violence. The frequency of the disease is more high in patients after discontinuation of treatment for alcohol or other drugs are treated in the rest of the population, suggesting a link between addiction and disease.

Warning of a possible  

Although not formally diagnosed until the disease in adulthood are, there are three signs of the disease, as the MacDonald Triad, which can be detected in some younger children. These signs are an unusually long period of bedwetting, cruelty to animals and pyromania. It is not known what proportion of children who exhibit these symptoms develop later problems of antisocial personality, but these symptoms are often in the past, adults with the diagnosis. 
The meaning of these characters can not easily calculate the number of children to determine who develop the disease. These characters are now included in DSM-IV under the category of disorders. A child who shows signs of disorder antisocial personality disorder may be associated with conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder diagnosed. All these children do not develop the disease.

Definition of addiction

Addiction is a dependence on a behavior or substance that does not stop a person. The concept has been partially replaced by the word dependence for substance abuse. Addiction has been extended, but also change mood, behavior or activities. Some researchers speak of two types of addictions: substance addictions (eg alcoholism, drug abuse and smoking) and the process) addictions (eg gambling, shopping, shopping, eating and sexual activity. There is a growing recognition that many addicts are polydrug users, such a function more of a substance or procedure.

Description

We seek the most costly problem for public health in the United States. It is a progressive disease, meaning that the increase in severity over time if left untreated. Addiction is characterized by frequent relapse, or return marked on Drug Abuse. Employees often have multiple attempts to quit before succeeding.

In the year 1995 have exceeded the economic costs of drug abuse in the United States of 414 billion dollars, which caused the cost of health care for drug abuse at more than 114 million estimated.

Were in eighth grade, 52% of youth have used alcohol, 41% have smoked tobacco and snuff, and 20% have smoked marijuana. Compared to women, men are almost four times more likely to smoke than heavy drinkers, nearly one and a half times more likely a pack of cigarettes or more per day, and are twice as likely to smoke marijuana weekly. But among these adolescents gender differences are smaller. Despite the frequent use of tobacco, cocaine and alcohol abuse appears to have remained constant in 1990, increased use of marijuana.

In 1999, approximately four million Americans over 12 prescription painkillers, sedatives and stimulants for non-medical reasons during a month.

In the United States, 25% of the population regularly snuff. Tobacco use kills 2.5 times the reports, how many people each year, such as alcohol and drug combinations. According to 1998 data from the World Health Organization, there were 1.1 billion smokers worldwide and 10,000 deaths each day and snuff. In addition, the United States, 43% of children aged 2-11 years to tobacco smoke in the environment that have been exposed to sudden infant death, low birth weight, asthma, infections middle ear has been implicated pneumonia, cough and respiratory infections.

Eating disorders like anorexia, bulimia and binge eating, affect over five million American women and men. Fifteen percent of young women have significantly attitude toward food and eating disorders. More than 1,000 women die annually from anorexia. A 1997 study at Harvard University showed that about 15.4 million Americans suffer from gambling addiction. More than half of that number (7.9 million) were adolescents.

Danger of Psychology

For some people, the risk is very interesting and difficult as people in hazardous activities such as espionage or bungee jumping, even, is the ability to cope, manage and overcome risks for major challenges that some people seem to appreciate. The warning of danger is almost irresistible for some, the opportunity to work in a hazardous activity which could have a state of excitement and participation in dangerous activities, as a result of hormonal changes involved with. Danger has two elements in their psychological effects - you will overcome the feeling of fear and the other is the need that feeling of fear. Then we can say that it calls for a contrary effect, as a feeling of fear leads to a feeling of vulnerability and weakness, and survival in a human factor of the individual to confront and overcome this feeling of vulnerability and weakness.

To control the factor of fear and the need to manipulate, challenge and overcome the fear factor is the main motivation for all forms of danger to kiss. But something very important is the perception of risk, and in some cases, the lure of a dangerous increase in activity, if it proves too difficult and dangerous, and these people are danger to find it so attractive that they are aware of their feelings of fear and strangely motivated these feelings of anxiety. In some cases, certain activities can not, despite its dangers dangerous enough work for some people, and this suggests that these people do not want the risk is dangerous enough to feel the need to overcome feelings of fear motivated .

The perception of danger is determined by two factors - the need to address and confront the danger and overcome it and defeat the risk. The attraction of risk is particularly high for people trying to understand things at a deeper level. Some may exceptionally athletic and could prefer dangerous activities may not result in situations of physical risk, as a writer or journalist, large exposures can meet to present the facts and circumstances or their own thoughts, although having no direct threat to the physics involved, however situations of danger, but the candidates were. Thus, there are many types of risk that are attracted to people and may include:

Hazardous Sports --
Dangerous political activities --
Activities Dangerous Creation --
Dangerous occupation --
Cons dangerous social activities


People are attracted to dangerous sports, as motivated by a sense of tension and emotion, like a bolt of adrenaline or a state of excitement and gives people the need to fear. Dangerous sports like motocross and rock-bungee jumping, climbing and mountain biking provides a physical pleasure, because during the extreme emotions, such emotions are releasing hormone feelings of pleasure. In the case of political activity, but the people of the need to overcome and to overcome fear and political activity could be motivated to attack the mass demonstrations, marches and other activities in which people or violence or face other types of hazards. Creative writing or parts of the controversial painting and new provocation could be dangerous and in many cases by the writer feels an inner need to create chaos rejected, the project is a cause or mission. Writing or other creative activity can be used as a pipeline or creative sublimation of sexual energy, according to Freudian concepts and the source of this activity is sexual desire.

The liberation of sexual energy for creative activity is comparable to sexual arousal, then the individual, in this case is motivated by the need to worry. In some cases, however, the fear factor largely by the need to provide a mission removed by the creative work. Anxiety and tension between them, such as anxiety and agitation also causes hormonal changes. Trades could include risks, as in the case of espionage or employment agencies who participated in the military or even the professional artists of acrobatics. Dangerous job may need to address both include overcoming fear and accomplish even individuals must have, but only with a special request, the experience of danger. The fact that professionals, such as certain types of people who need that fear to gain experience stressed very strongly in the first case in certain personality types. Cons social activities detrimental such as terrorism, suicide attacks, bombings, murders, etc., for several reasons for a sense of mission and purpose, even if the basic needs of their experience and overcome the fear is very strong in this case. Crimes are committed in general because of aggressive impulses and the need in antisocial activities, comparable to the need to involve the creative, as well as a liberation of sexual energy and the criminal is afraid of the need for the experience motivated. The idea of a crime or something radically new and surprising instills a sense of excitement in many individuals. The artist or writer is motivated by the need to discharge public action by the need to shock and a bit radical, and this fear is a challenge and an experience motivated. The psychology of risk is ultimately on the perception of danger and the fear factor that caused this perception. Some might wonder if the anxiety as a challenge and a prerequisite for our development as overcoming the fear of the competitiveness and strength of spirit could overcome increase. The need for a shock as a method for adding to overcome the fear of danger is seen in artists and criminals, but not professional athletes, the greatest threat to life and the feeling of fear and excitement .

Artists and writers can also share a passion for a job hazard and political activist whose love of danger is a sense of mission or purpose, dismissed. Subordinates Thus, while the collection of experiences and overcome the fear is always the most important elements of the psychology of risk is the need for shock and the need for a task or achieve a specific goal, to motivate others in danger. The danger is, like adventure, but adventure is not always the risk that dangers do. A psychology of adventure, because in many points of overlap in the psychology of risk, and vice versa.